Tonya Maxene Price (née Harding; born November 12, 1970) is a retired American figure skater.
A native of Portland, Oregon, Harding was raised primarily by her mother, who enrolled her in ice skating lessons beginning at age four. Harding would spend much of her early life training, eventually dropping out of high school to devote her time to the sport. After climbing the ranks in the U.S. Figure Skating Championships between 1986 and 1989, Harding won the 1989 Skate America competition. She was the 1991 and 1994 U.S. champion before being stripped of her 1994 title, and 1991 World silver medalist. In 1991, she earned distinction as being the first American woman to successfully land a triple axel in competition, and the second woman to do so in history (behind Midori Ito). She is also a two-time Olympian and a two-time Skate America Champion.
In January 1994, Harding became embroiled in controversy when her ex-husband, Jeff Gillooly, orchestrated an attack on fellow US Olympian Nancy Kerrigan. After the 1994 Lillehammer Games had ended, Harding ultimately pleaded guilty to hindering the prosecution and was banned for life on June 30, 1994 from the U.S. Figure Skating Association. The criminal investigation and Harding's banning from the sport were the subject of intense media scrutiny, and it has been referred to as one of the biggest scandals in American sports history.
In the early 2000s, Harding competed as a professional boxer, and her life has been the subject of numerous films, books, and academic studies. In 2017, a film adaptation of Harding's life and skating career, I, Tonya, was released starring Margot Robbie as Harding. In 2018, she was a contestant on season 26 of Dancing with the Stars, finishing in third place.
Video Tonya Harding
Early life
Tonya Maxene Harding was born on November 12, 1970, in Portland, Oregon, to LaVona Golden (b. 1940) and Albert Gordon Harding (1933-2009). Harding was raised in East Portland, and began skating at age three, training with coach Diane Rawlinson. During her youth, Harding also hunted, drag raced, and learned automotive mechanics from her father. LaVona struggled to support the family while working as a waitress, and hand-sewed Tonya's competition skating costumes as the family could not afford to purchase them.
According to Harding, she was frequently abused by her mother. She stated that by the time she was seven years old, both physical and psychological abuse had become a regular part of her life. LaVona admitted to one instance of hitting Tonya at an ice rink. Tonya dropped out of Milwaukie High School during her sophomore year in order to focus on skating; she later earned a General Equivalency Diploma.
Maps Tonya Harding
Skating career
Harding trained as a figure skater throughout her youth with coach Diane Rawlinson. In the mid-1980s, she began working her way up the competitive skating ladder. She placed sixth at the 1986 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, fifth in 1987 and 1988, and third in 1989. After winning Skate America in 1989, she was considered a strong contender at the 1990 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, but she was suffering from the flu and asthma and had a poor free skate. After the original program, she dropped from second place and finished seventh overall. She was a powerful free skater and typically had lower placements in the compulsory figures.
Harding's breakthrough year came in 1991 when she landed her first triple axel at the U.S. Championships and won the title with the event's first 6.0 ever given to a single female skater for technical merit. At the 1991 World Championships, she again completed the triple axel--becoming the first American woman to perform it at an international event. Harding would finish second behind Kristi Yamaguchi, and in front of Nancy Kerrigan, marking the first time one country swept the ladies medal podium at the World Figure Skating Championships.
At the Fall 1991 Skate America, Harding recorded three more firsts:
- The first woman to complete a triple axel in the short program;
- The first woman to successfully execute two triple axels in a single competition;
- The first ever to complete a triple axel combination with the double toe loop.
Despite these record-breaking performances, she was never able to successfully perform the triple axel in a competition after 1991, and her competitive results began to decline as a result. Harding trained under Dody Teachman for the upcoming 1992 season. She placed third in the U.S. Championships despite twisting her ankle during practice. She finished fourth in the 1992 Winter Olympics, and in the 1992 World Championships, she placed sixth. In the 1993 season, she skated poorly in the U.S. Championships and failed to qualify for the World Championship team.
Following legal controversy, Harding was permitted to remain a member of the U.S. ice skating team at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. After an issue with her laces, she was given a re-skate in the long program and finished in eighth place, far behind Oksana Baiul (gold) and Nancy Kerrigan (silver).
Figure skating record
^+ In June 1994, Claire Ferguson, the President of the U.S. Figure Skating Association, voted to strip Harding of her 1994 title. However, the competition results were not changed and the title was left vacant rather than moving all the other competitors up one position.
Attack on Nancy Kerrigan and aftermath
On January 6, 1994 (1994-01-06), one day before the first Ladies' Singles competition for the 1994 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Nancy Kerrigan was attacked after a practice session at the Cobo Arena in Detroit. The assailant was later identified as Shane Stant, who had been contracted to break her right leg. Stant and his uncle, Derrick Smith, were hired for this assault by Harding's ex-husband, Jeff Gillooly, and her one-time bodyguard, Shawn Eckhardt. After failing to find Kerrigan at her training rink in Massachusetts, Stant had taken a 20-hour Greyhound bus trip to Detroit. Nancy Kerrigan was walking behind a curtain to a corridor when Stant rushed behind her. Using both hands, he then swung a 21-inch ASP telescopic baton at her right leg, striking her above the knee. The intent was preventing her from competing in both the National Championships (Kerrigan was the defending 1993 U.S. Ladies' Champion) and the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics. Kerrigan's leg was not broken but severely bruised, forcing her to withdraw from the Detroit National Championships and forgo competing to retain the U.S. Ladies' title. On January 8, Harding won the National Championships' U.S. Ladies' Singles title; she and Kerrigan were then both selected for the 1994 Olympic team. On February 25, Harding finished eighth in Lillehammer; Nancy Kerrigan, having recovered from her injury, won the Olympic silver medal behind Oksana Baiul from Ukraine.
On January 27, 1994, Harding held a press-conference at the Portland Multnomah Athletic Club, with her attorneys present, to read a prepared statement. She said she was sorry Nancy Kerrigan was attacked, that she respected Nancy, but claimed not to know in advance of the plot to disable Kerrigan. Harding then publicly took responsibility "for failing to report things [about the planned assault on Nancy Kerrigan] when I returned home from Nationals [on January 10]". She addressed her level of culpability by stating that "[My] lawyers tell me that my failure to immediately report this information is not a crime". In the state of Oregon, excluding certain conditions, the act of concealing criminal knowledge alone was (and is still) not a crime. After admitting this, Harding said that she had "let [herself] down".
The attack on Kerrigan and news of Harding's alleged involvement led to a media frenzy, with The New York Times later characterizing it as "one of the biggest scandals in American sports history." Abby Haight and J.E. Vader, journalists for The Oregonian, wrote a biography of Harding called Fire on Ice: The Exclusive Inside Story of Tonya Harding (1994) over the Presidents' Day weekend. The book included excerpts of Harding's FBI interview transcripts given on January 18, 1994. Kerrigan appeared on the cover of both TIME and Newsweek magazines in January 1994. Reporters and TV news crews attended Harding's practices in Portland and camped out in front of Kerrigan's home. CBS assigned Connie Chung to follow her every move in Lillehammer. Four hundred members of the press jammed into the practice rink in Norway. Scott Hamilton complained that "the world press was turning the Olympics into just another sensational tabloid event." The tape-delayed broadcast of the women's short program at the Olympics remains one of the most watched telecasts in American history.
On February 1, 1994, Jeff Gillooly's attorney negotiated a plea bargain in exchange for testimony regarding all involved parties in Nancy Kerrigan's attack. Gillooly and Eckhardt pleaded guilty to racketeering, Stant and Derrick Smith (who drove Stant in the getaway car) pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit second-degree assault -- all served time in prison. Jeff Gillooly was sentenced on July 13, 1994 after publicly apologizing to Nancy Kerrigan - even though, he said, "any apology coming from me rings hollow". Presiding Judge Donald H. Londer said in sentencing Gillooly "I shudder to think how more serious [Kerrigan's] injury might have been". Eckhardt was sentenced to 18 months in prison, but was released four months early in September 1995. He legally changed his name to Brian Sean Griffith, following his release from jail, and died at age 40 on December 12, 2007.
On February 6, 1994, a five-member panel of the United States Figure Skating Association in Colorado Springs, Colorado stated that reasonable grounds existed to believe Harding had violated the sport's code of ethics. Harding's admission of failure to report information about an assault on a fellow competitor, supported by her FBI interview transcripts, resulted in her being formally charged with "[making] false statements about her knowledge concerning [Nancy Kerrigan's attack]". The USFSA panel also recommended that Harding face a disciplinary hearing, which would be separate from any action by the United States Olympic Committee. Claire Ferguson, president of the USFSA, decided not to suspend Harding's membership before any hearing took place. Evidence examined by the panel included the testimonies of Shane Stant and Derrick Smith, Harding and Gillooly's telephone records, and notes found on January 30 in a Portland saloon trash receptacle. Although Harding had not been criminally charged, the panel unanimously ruled that she had "committed an act, made a statement or engaged in conduct detrimental to the welfare of figure skating and/or failed to exemplify the highest standards of fairness, ethical behavior and genuine good sportsmanship in her relations with others". One of the panel members, Sharon Watson, spoke about the decision: "We gave [Tonya] a fair shake...We had to be very sure...Looking at all the evidence, it was fairly clear to all of us". Harding was given 30 days to respond. On March 10, 1994, Judge Owen Panner granted Harding a requested temporary restraining order to halt the 30-day deadline and delay her disciplinary hearing. The U.S. Figure Skating did not appeal Judge Panner's ruling. Meanwhile, Portland authorities stated that the criminal investigation into Nancy Kerrigan's attack would conclude by March 21 with any indictments to be made at that time.
On March 16, 1994, at a 20-minute hearing in the Portland Multnomah County Courthouse, Harding pleaded guilty to conspiracy to hinder prosecution as a Class C felony offense. She and her lead attorney, Robert C. Weaver Jr., negotiated a plea bargain which ensured that she would not be prosecuted further in any jurisdiction. Judge Donald H. Londer conducted the hearing with routine questioning to make certain that Harding understood her plea agreement. Londer told Harding he wanted to be sure that she was entering her plea "knowingly and voluntarily": "Do you know what you're doing?", Londer asked. Harding replied, "Yes, I do", before signing the guilty plea. The admissions of her plea agreement were knowing of the plot to injure Nancy Kerrigan after the fact, settling on a cover-up story with Gillooly and Eckhart on January 10, witnessing Gillooly and Eckhart phone Derrick Smith to establish the cover story on January 10 and January 11, and lying to FBI agents on January 18 with the cover story. Harding avoided a possible jail sentence since Oregon sentencing guidelines carried a maximum penalty of five years in prison and a fine for hindering prosecution. The terms of Harding's agreement included a probation placement of three years, a $100,000 fine, and 500 hours of community service. She also agreed to reimburse Multnomah County $10,000 in legal expenses, undergo a psychiatric examination, and volunteered to contribute a $50,000 fund to the Special Olympics accredited SOOR (Special Olympics Oregon) charity. Another condition of Harding's agreement was resigning from the United States Figure Skating Association, necessitating her withdrawal from the 1994 World Figure Skating Championships. Harding had been scheduled to leave for that competition (Worlds) on March 17, 1994. Norman W. Frink, chief deputy district attorney for Multnomah County, stated that "If [Tonya] hadn't been willing to plead to a felony offense, we would have proceeded with an indictment on all possible charges". Robert C. Weaver Jr., Harding's lawyer, said that the plea agreement was satisfactory to her, partly because she avoided prison. Weaver also added that "we would have prevailed at trial".
On the day of Harding's plea agreement, Jerry Lace, executive director of U.S. Figure Skating Association expressed frustration with whether her plea and resignation both meant that the USFSA's own disciplinary proceedings for Harding were now irrelevant. Lace said that matters of USFSA membership and competition eligibility "should be our bailiwick". He stated that "Tonya's attorneys did what was best for her...we don't know if Tonya is innocent or guilty...we still don't know if there was some involvement that affected the national championship". On March 18, 1994, Claire Ferguson decided to proceed with Harding's disciplinary hearing in late June, despite Harding's resignation. Ferguson chose not to accept Harding's resignation, instead suspending her membership, so that the disciplinary matter could be properly resolved. The USFSA's nine-member executive committee convened to discuss the association's position should Harding seek reinstatement and whether they might strip Harding of her 1994 National Championship title. Neither issue was decided at that time. Ferguson also confirmed that any figure skater could apply for reinstatement twice a year, but that Harding would not be presently considered. The USFSA conducted its own investigation of the attack. On June 30, 1994, the association stripped her of her 1994 U.S. Championships title and banned her for life from participating in USFSA-run events as either a skater or a coach. The USFSA concluded that she knew about the attack before it happened and displayed "a clear disregard for fairness, good sportsmanship, and ethical behavior". Although the USFSA has no control over non-competitive professional skating events, she was also persona non grata on the pro circuit because few skaters and promoters would work with her. Consequently, she failed to benefit from the boom in professional skating that ensued in the aftermath of the scandal.
Shortly before the Nagano 1998 Olympics, the CBS and Fox news divisions re-examined the scandal for two televised special reports. Harry Smith hosted the CBS special. He reported that Tonya Harding still held to her statement from her press-conference given on January 27, 1994: "I had no prior knowledge of the planned assault on Nancy Kerrigan". Smith then interviewed Kerrigan, asking how she responded to that statement. Nancy Kerrigan referred to transcripts she had read from Harding's FBI interview on January 18, 1994. After reading through the interrogation of that day, she concluded that "[Tonya] knew more than she admits". The Fox special report was called Breaking the Ice: The Women of '94 Revisited, hosted by James Brown with interviews from Harding, Gillooly, and Kerrigan. Jeff Gillooly (who was granted a name change to Jeff Stone in 1995) said Harding's prison evasion did not anger him, and that he felt his own punishment was just. Stone reflected on Harding's position of "limited involvement" in Kerrigan's attack and speculated that a "guilty conscience" still troubled her. James Brown then mediated a joint interview with both Kerrigan and Harding present. The two former competitors shared sincere desires for happy families and general well-wishes toward one other; but confessed to Brown that the issue of sufficient apologies and forgiveness was unresolved. Nancy Kerrigan told Brown that she hoped Harding could learn from past mistakes and make a good, stable life for herself. Harding told Brown she was grateful to personally express remorse to Kerrigan again.
In Harding's 2008 autobiography, The Tonya Tapes (written by Lynda D. Prouse from recorded interviews she had with Harding), she stated that she wanted to call the FBI to reveal what she knew, but decided not to when Gillooly allegedly threatened her with death following a gunpoint gang rape by him and two other men she did not know. Jeff (Gillooly) Stone responded with surprise that groundless claims against him could be published and specifically contended her gang rape accusation to be "utterly ridiculous" In 2013, Deadspin sought Jeff Stone for an interview and he again defended himself from the gunpoint gang rape allegation. Yet he expressed regret that Harding is often "remembered for what I talked her into doing", meaning allegedly plotting to injure Nancy Kerrigan. Stone admitted that his past stupidity was part of Harding's 1994 ruin and maintained that he still considered her a great figure skater. He also said that "I've had it easy, compared to poor Tonya...she tends to be the butt of the joke. It's kind of sad to me".
Later celebrity
On February 15, 1994, an explicit 1991 videotape clip of Harding topless was shown on A Current Affair; three still frames from this clip were also published in The Sun (a British tabloid). The New York Post reported that Jeff Gillooly had supplied the videotaped fragment for an undisclosed sum of money. On July 26, 1994, Penthouse magazine announced that its September issue would feature different stills of Harding and Gillooly having sex from the same extended videotape. This 35-minute sex tape would also be copied and marketed exclusively by Penthouse. Both Gillooly and Harding used the same agent to negotiate equal payment on the Penthouse sale.
On June 22, 1994, in Portland, Oregon, Harding appeared on an AAA professional wrestling show as the manager for wrestling stable Los Gringos Locos. The night's performance included Art Barr and Eddie Guerrero. A promotional musical event was unsuccessful when Harding and her band, the Golden Blades, were booed off the stage at their only performance, in 1995 in Portland, Oregon.
In 1994, Harding was cast in a low-budget action film, Breakaway. The film was released in 1996. On October 29, 1996, Harding received media attention after using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to help revive an 81-year-old woman, Alice Olson, who collapsed at a bar in Portland while playing video poker.
Harding has also appeared on television, on the game show The Weakest Link: "15 Minutes of Fame Edition" in 2002 along with Kato Kaelin, and in March 2008 became a commentator for TruTV's The Smoking Gun Presents: World's Dumbest....
Boxing career
In 2002, Harding boxed against Paula Jones on the Fox TV network Celebrity Boxing event, winning the fight. On February 22, 2003, she made her official women's professional boxing debut, losing a four-round split decision against Samantha Browning on the undercard of Mike Tyson vs. Clifford Etienne. Harding's boxing career came about amid rumors that she was having financial difficulties and needed to fight in the ring to earn money. She did another celebrity boxing match, on The Man Show, and won against co-host Doug Stanhope. Stanhope later claimed on his podcast that the fight was fixed because Tonya Harding refused to "fight a man".
On March 23, 2004, it was reported that she canceled a planned boxing match against Tracy Carlton in Oakland, California, because of an alleged death threat against her.
On June 24, 2004, after reportedly not having boxed for over a year, she was beaten in a match in Edmonton, Alberta, by Amy Johnson. Fans reportedly booed her as she entered the ring and cheered wildly for Johnson when she won in the third round.
Her boxing career was cut short by a physical condition that she attributed to asthma. Her overall record was 3 wins and 3 losses.
Professional boxing record
Automobile racing land speed record
On August 12, 2010, Harding set a new land speed record for a vintage gas coupe with a speed of 97.177 mph (156.391 km/h; 43.442 m/s) driving a 1931 Ford Model A, named Lickity-Split, on the Bonneville Salt Flats.
Dancing with the Stars
In April 2018, Harding was announced as one of the celebrities who will compete on season 26 of Dancing with the Stars. She was partnered with professional dancer Sasha Farber. The couple reached the finals of the competition where Harding finished in third place overall, behind Adam Rippon and Josh Norman.
Personal life
Harding and Jeff Gillooly were married on March 18, 1990, when she was 19 and he was 22. On August 28, 1993, they were divorced after a tumultuous marriage. However, they had been continuing to see each other since early October 1993 and were sharing a rented chalet together in Beavercreek, Oregon until the evening of January 18, 1994. She married her second husband, Michael Smith, in 1995; the couple divorced in 1996. She married and took the surname of 42-year-old Joseph Price, whom she met at a local restaurant called Timbers, on June 23, 2010 when she was 39 years old. She gave birth to her only child, a son named Gordon, on February 19, 2011.
Since leaving skating and boxing, Harding has worked as a welder, a painter at a metal fabrication company, and a hardware sales clerk at Sears. As of 2017, she stated that she worked as a painter and deck builder. She resides in Washington state, north of her hometown of Portland, Oregon.
On an appearance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on February 26, 2018, Harding stated that she is still active in skating and practices three times a week. In a segment during the show, she performed several jumps and spins.
Cultural significance
Harding's life, career, and role in the Kerrigan attack have been widely referenced in popular culture, appearing in television, film, music, as well as a primary campaign speech by former President Barack Obama. In 2014, Matt Harkins and Viviana Olen created the Nancy Kerrigan and Tonya Harding Museum in their Brooklyn, New York, apartment, dedicated to collecting and archiving memorabilia related to Harding and the incident. Harkins and Olen stated in a 2017 interview that they had been captivated by Harding's life for years, citing it as "the most American story ever told." A contemporaneous article published in Vogue also noted that Harding had developed a "cult following" in the years since her notoriety.
Representation in other media
- Tonya & Nancy: The Inside Story (1994), an NBC television film, premiered on April 30, 1994; directed by Larry Shaw and written by previous Edgar Award winner Phil Penningroth. Alexandra Powers portrayed Harding and Heather Langenkamp portrayed Nancy Kerrigan.
- National Lampoon's Attack of the 5?2?? Women (1994), a Showtime television film, was released on August 21, 1994; directed by comedian Julie Brown. Brown spoofed Harding by portraying her in the first segment of the film called Tonya: The Battle of Wounded Knee, which Brown also wrote. Julie Brown's original song for the segment, "Queen of the Ice", was nominated for a CableACE Award.
- Harding was referred to in the Seinfeld episode "The Understudy": When Jerry's girlfriend, a Broadway performer, takes the stage, she has a problem with the laces on her boot (as Harding encountered in the 1994 Olympics). Jerry's girlfriend got to perform only because the lead actress had an injury said to be caused by hitman, George.
- Harding was also portrayed by the comedic actress Alexandra Wentworth on In Living Color sketches in 1994.
- Harding and her role in Kerrigan's attack are referred to in several songs, including: "Headline News" by "Weird Al" Yankovic; "Breakin' Knees Is Hard to Do" by Capitol Steps; "5 Fingas of Death" by Diamond D; "Aunt Dot" by Lil' Kim; "Put Some Keys On That" by Lil Wayne; "Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea" by Fall Out Boy; "Tonya's Twirls" by Loudon Wainwright III; "Tonya Harding" by Sufjan Stevens; and "Tonya" by Brockhampton (band)
- In May 2006, Elizabeth Searle collaborated with composer Abigail Al-Doory to create Tonya and Nancy: The Rock Opera, a chamber opera produced by Tufts University and directed by Meron Langsner. Described as a dark comedy, it premiered in Portland, Oregon in 2008. It was produced also in Los Angeles, New York and Chicago.
- The Price of Gold (2014) documentary directed by Nanette Burstein, part of ESPN's 30 for 30 series, originally airing on January 16, 2014. The documentary explored some specifics of the criminal investigation involving Nancy Kerrigan's attack. Kerrigan herself could not be interviewed for The Price of Gold because of her contractual obligation to NBC's Nancy & Tonya (2014) documentary. Burstein has stated that she intended her documentary to be "predominantly about Tonya". After the film was completed, Burstein said that she thought Harding was jealous of Kerrigan and that "[Tonya] was an unreliable interview subject. A lot of things she said had to be left out because I didn't think they were truthful".
- Nancy & Tonya (2014), an NBC documentary narrated by Olympics correspondent Mary Carillo, originally airing on February 23, 2014. It included interviews, brief biographies of Nancy Kerrigan & Tonya Harding, and close observations of their lives and careers before 1994.
- Tonya Harding: The Musical (2014), is a comedy-musical written by Jesse Esparza, with songs by Manny Hagopian, performed at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in Los Angeles.
- In June 2017, a play T, written by Dan Aibel, premiered in Chicago at the American Theater Company. Harding is portrayed by Leah Raidt.
- In December 2017, the biographical film I, Tonya, directed by Craig Gillespie, was released, with Australian actress Margot Robbie portraying Harding. Robbie was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical and Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal. Allison Janney played Harding's mother, LaVona, and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the role.
Academic assessment
Harding's role in women's ice skating culture and Kerrigan's 1994 attack have been the subject of numerous academic essays. In 1995, the book Women on Ice: Feminist Essays on the Tonya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan Spectacle was released, which contained numerous essays analyzing Harding's public image in the context of the sport of figure skating.
In a 2014 essay, academic Sarah Marshall noted the pervasive role of the media in the 1994 Kerrigan attack, particularly the manner in which Harding's life outside the realm of skating became publicly scrutinized: "Somehow, in the scandal's aftermath, the form of the Tonya-bash was able to alchemize even the most chilling details of Tonya's life into tabloid gold." Marshall also examines the role of Harding's "tomboy" persona in the context of figure skating.
References
Works cited
- Baughman, Cynthia, ed. (2013) [1995]. Women on Ice: Feminist Essays on the Tonya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan Spectacle. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-91150-8. OCLC 830322475. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
- Brownstone, David M.; Franck, Irene (1995). People in the News, 1995. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 0-02-897058-6.
- Guerrero, Eddie (2005). Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-9353-2.
- Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice: The Exclusive Inside Story of Tonya Harding. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 9780812924572.
- Hamilton, Scott; Benet, Lorenzo (1999). Landing It: My Life on and off the Ice. Kensington Books. ISBN 1-57566-466-6.
- Nelson, Murry R. (2013). American Sports: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-39753-0.
- Saari, Peggy (1998). Great Misadventures: Bad Ideas That Led to Big Disasters. Thomson Gale. ISBN 0-7876-2799-2.
- Smith, Lissa, ed. (1999). Nike is a Goddess: The History of Women in Sports. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-87113-761-6. OCLC 255351946. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
- Williams, Patricia J. (2010). "The Ethnic Scarring of American Whiteness". In Lubiano, Wahneema. The House That Race Built: Original Essays by Toni Morrison, Angela Y. Davis, Cornel West, and Others on Black Americans and Politics in America Today. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 253-63. ISBN 978-0-307-55679-0.
External links
- Interview with Harvey Schiller, former Exec. Dir. U.s. Olympic Committee (discussion about Harding)
- FBI's notes from Shane Stant interview, dated 1/18/94 Stant was the confessed assailant of Nancy Kerrigan. Stant testified that on January 5, 1994, Derrick Smith told him that Tonya Harding had seen Stant in the Detroit Westin Hotel lobby. Smith told Stant that Harding had spoken of seeing Stant to Shawn Eckhardt.
- "The Tonya Harding Fall" (July 1994) article written by Randall Sullivan for Rolling Stone. A subjective, detailed if not factually precise account of Tonya Harding's life & scandal - referencing pertinent FBI testimonies. This was accessed via MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost. May be accessed via any local library account.
- Tonya Harding on IMDb
- Professional boxing record for Tonya Harding from BoxRec
Source of article : Wikipedia
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